Essay Topics About Death

Essay Topics About DeathWriting essay topics about death can be quite a challenge. While some people might have more general knowledge of death, most of us really don't know very much about the subject at all. Since it is our focus area of the essay, and since a number of the topics will likely be morbid in nature, some extra preparation and research time are necessary to make sure you are getting the most out of your time.The first thing you should do when planning your topic for an essay is to list your questions first. Make sure that you have formulated them very clearly. Don't just say, 'I'm going to write an essay on the topic of death,' or, 'I'm going to write an essay about how I am more afraid of death than I am of living.' Make it clear what you want to accomplish and then ask yourself how you can best get to the point of writing your essay.After you have formulated your topic, the next step is to determine what you will write about. For example, if you have decided to write about death and loss, you might first think about where you have recently been buried, what an obituary or funeral announcement has said about your death, and so on. There is no right or wrong answer here; just determine where you want to go with your topic and start writing from there. For example, if you're writing about death and grief, research funeral ceremonies and what that means to you.Next, you should think about how you can best illustrate your points using different kinds of material. It is very easy to think of ideas in the abstract, but for your essay topics about death, you'll need to use material that is on your mind - and it's not enough to imagine a topic. You need to be able to demonstrate how you've actually experienced or seen it.First, you should consider taking notes during the memorial service. That way, you'll be able to document your thoughts on the subject - which can also be used as material for your essay topics about death.You may also want to look at s ome novels and literature review before you start writing your essay. Your goal here is to make sure that you're taking everything into account and making an informed decision. There are many books that discuss topics such as death and dying, and some of these may be of interest to you.When you've determined your writing topic, there are several things you can do to help you get started on your quest. Just remember that this process is a slow process that takes a lot of practice and research to learn how to effectively structure your essay topics about death.

Movie Analysis The Vilkas - 1301 Words

1. Lina Vilkas is the fifteen year old protagonist of Between Shades of Gray by Ruta Sepetys. Lina has long, wavy, honey-colored hair and blue eyes. She is headstrong, impulsive, and outspoken, which puts her in danger. Though it is risky, she uses her art to express her emotions and opinions. She was accepted into art school because of her talent. Lina is protective of her younger brother, and loves her family. Though they clash at first, Lina and Andrius Arvydas, a seventeen year old boy she meets on the train, fall in love. Andrius is handsome with wavy brown hair and blue eyes. He tries to take care of Lina’s family as much as possible, especially Lina’s younger brother Jonas. Andrius is separated from Lina, but they eventually find each other and get married. Andrius’ mother, Mrs. Arvydas is a pretty, dainty woman that is forced to sleep with the Russian soldiers in order to keep Andrius alive. Jonas Vilkas is Lina’s ten year old brother. He catches scurvy, but does not die. Jonas is forced to grow up too quickly, as he works to keep the family alive when they stay in a woman named Ulyushka’s house. Lina’s mother, Elena Vilkas, is a pretty woman that knows Russian and goes out of her way to help everyone. Sadly, she falls ill after hearing her husband has been shot, and dies. Her husband, Kostas is separated from the rest of the family, and is sent to a prison. Lina attempts to contact her father multiple times, but it is unknown whether he is dead or alive. Nikolas

Oneness of Allah free essay sample

None has the right to be worshipped but He, the All-Mighty, the All-Wise. † [Surah Aal-‘Imran 3:18]. An eminent poet has elucidated his thoughts in a meaningful poem: In everything, there is a sign, Which proves to the unity of Allah Wondering then: How can people disobey God? Or how can a denier reject God? To Allah, in every move, And in every halt always a witness. The following aspects offer a wider perspectives and plain in proving the unity and Oneness of Allah: (1) The natural phenomena (2) Different aspects of divine laws. (3) The rationale of life (4) Logic or common sense. 5) Reaching to conclusion from the Names and Attributes of Allah. These aspects clearly prove the existence of Allah and exemplify the three basic concepts of Islamic Monotheism (Oneness of Allah), as mentioned earlier, which correlate with one another. Therefore, ascribing partner with Allah in any one of the three above-mentioned concepts, is tantamount to committing polytheism in all other concepts as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Oneness of Allah or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For instance, If a person seeks Dua’a (supplication) from other than Allah is considered a kind of worship and clearly an act of Shirk or polytheism with Allah in His worship. In this context, invoking others (persons or things) than Allah is like seeking their intermediation and believing that they (intermediaries) can interfere and recommend to Allah on behalf of the supplicant and fulfill his/her requirements. This is completely an act of shirk or polytheism and tantamount to ascribing partner(s) with Allah, the Lord (Rabb) of the Universe. Moreover, a supplicant who assumes that others besides Allah also possessed the power of hearing and seeing and could answer his/her invocation (Du aa) is considered as an act of shirk (polytheism) as regards to Names and Attributes of Allah. First, it is a gross violation of divine laws to supplicate others than Allah. In no way this act is acceptable in Islam. Moreover, it is an act of Shirk (polytheism) if a person believing that with whom he/she engaged in supplication other than Allah can listen to him/her no matter whether faraway or closer. It is, therefore, considered as a major act of Shirk (polytheism) with Allah in His worship as associating or correlating someone or something with Names and Attributes of Allah, Who is the Lord (Rabb) of the universe. This is the reason that Allah has reiterated in the noble Qur’an encouraging people to ponder about the signs of Allah. Many verses in the Qur’an have explained focusing on this point. It is because, more the man used to ponder thinking about the signs of Allah the more he comes close to the truth. Furthermore, he would be more fearful of Allah to have Taqwah and tended adhere His commandments. The thinkers and intellectuals, who sought the path of the truth, therefore, reached unwaveringly to embrace Islam without fail. History has recorded many such events in the Pre-Islamic Ignorance era. The renowned intellectuals and poets of that period vehemently admitted and wholeheartedly declared that Allah is One though the society they lived in at that time was fully surrounded with polytheists and infidels. The most notorious intellectuals and prominent poets from among the ancient Arabs included Quss bin Saa’edat al-Eyadi and Zayd bin ‘Amr bin Nufail, who was the father of Sa’ied bin Zayd and the uncle of ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab. Quss bin Saa’edat in his famous address which he delivered in the Souq ‘Okaz( ), said: â€Å"O people! Listen and be conscious! Whoever lives would die, and whoever dies would be lost. Whoever be the newcomer would definitely show up. The night is dark and the day is calm and quiet. The heaven is holding the big stars, the stars are shining, and the seas are swelling up and surging. The mountains are toughening with the earth, which is flattened. The rivers are flowing along. In the heaven, there is definitely a message and on the earth, there is a lesson that which has to be taken into consideration. What about the people who passed, why don’t they comeback? Did they satisfied with where they stood and stayed therein? Or did they abandon so there they slept? He continued. He swore by the name of Allah, which is the legal swearing that Allah s religion (Islam) is the most satisfactory and most virtuous than your religion. You people are committing evil practices, he told the people then begun reciting poem: Among the earlier people who passed away- In the centuries, we have thoughtful lessons. When I have seen resources- For the nation, that has no origins. I have seen my people towards that- Walking both old and young The past will neither return to me- Nor of the rest bygone. I have ascertained by all means That I shall be wherewith the people have gone in the past. Zayd bin ‘Amr in his famous poem said: I have submitted my face to whom surrendered- Him the earth, which carries the heavy rocks He spread the earth, when He strengthened its tightening perfectly- Complete and He fixed the mountains on it firmly. I have submitted my face to whom surrendered- The rain clouds which carries sweet fresh- pure cold water. Thereupon, it was brought to a country- Which subservient to Him and poured on it with contest. Another ancient Arabian poet, (probably Umayyat bin Abi As-Salt), said: Only one Lord or thousand lords- Whom I should incriminate when the matters are distributed I have deserted Al-Lat and Al-‘Uzza (idols of Quraish pagans) completely- Likewise, the tolerant with endurance would follow. Moreover, a great number of thinkers and western intellectuals have led to the divine truth. They ultimately embraced Islam after their relentless search and contemplation for the true guidance. There is a research book titled â€Å"Allah Is More Manifest In Scientific Time, written by a group of 30 eminent scholars of astrophysics. Also there is another reference book entitled â€Å"Men Cannot Stand Alone† written by Chrisi Moreson, the chief of Science Academy in New York. This book was translated into Arabic under the title: â€Å"Science urges To the Divine Faith†. These books have commented saying that the true scholar should be a true believer. A commoner should also be a true believer. The mediocre type of scholars, who are less learned, should be an atheist and an unbeliever. In other words, such a scholar would be from among the little learned person. Therefore, he lost the natural inclination of true belief in the Islamic Monotheism while he never tries to reach to the knowledge that brings him to the true divine faith. Such mediocre type scholars should endeavor to search the knowledge for the true belief in order to achieve ultimate happiness in this life and the Hereafter. However, from all the above-mentioned evidences any rationale and sound mind reaches to a point that enables him/her to natural inclination for the acceptance of Oneness of Allah. Meantime, if anyone denies the above evidences, this means he/she still has to overcome weaknesses of his/her mind. It is because of the poor understanding he/she fails to comprehend the natural truth. What one poet has said is true in this regard! If your mind urges you to deny Him (i. . Allah’s unity)- Then reject your mind and its claim. This makes it obvious to a claim that the universe was created by coincidence or that the nature itself was a Creator, stands false. Raising such kind of claims and doubts only prove the arrogance and inflexibility of a mind which go counter to the soundness of brain and tends to deny the authenticity of the divine evidences. If anyone argues based on his/her assumption that the creation of this universe was just a coincidence then such a person should be asked: If the running of affairs of such a vast universe and its systematic sustenance is also coincidence? In this context, Wahiduddin Khan, an Indian Islamic scholar in his writings on the subject has quoted a statement of an American scholar Mr. Chrisi Morison, who challenged the creation of universe as being the coincidence. To substantiate his statement Morison narrated in detail the example of coins (Dirhams). He said take 10 Dirhams and mark them with numbers from one to 10. After marking, mix the coins by putting them into the pocket or a box. The next step he said is to pick the coins, one at a time, from the pocket or a box. Each coin so picked, he said should be in the numerical sequence, from one to 10. This means, in the first attempt the coin marked with number one should be picked followed by two, three and up to 10. He clarified saying that the numerical sequence is possible only when in the first attempt itself the coin marked with number one is picked and the rest in the similar order in different attempts. However, he challenged saying it is not possible to pick coins consecutively forming the sequence even after hundreds and thousands of attempts. The chances of success to pick the coins in numerical sequence are simply impossible, he noted saying even if attempts are made one after another and that is continued, might be for billions of times. On the analogy of this example, he said that how many attempts did it take, therefore, to create this universe even if it’s assumed that the creation of the universe is a coincidence? It is impossible to even imagine the computing of number of attempts each time a coin is picked to achieve the numerical order leave alone conceptualizing the idea. It would be a totally unrealistic counting, he noted.

Nurse burnout free essay sample

Windshield Survey Maggie Siler Ferris State University Windshield Survey Community assessment is crucial to planning, implementation, and evaluation of programs to improve the health of a population. A windshield survey is an informal method used by community health nurses to obtain basic knowledge about a given community. It provides a subjective view of the various physical characteristics of a communal area as observed while driving or walking through a neighborhood. Community Community assessment is an essential function of community nursing. Understanding the various types of community will help clarify the process. The first type of community described is a â€Å"geopolitical community† (Harkness DeMarco, 2012, p. 177). It is an aggregate of people living or working in a defined geographic area. The second is â€Å"phenomenological community† (Harkness DeMarco, 2012, p. 177), which is a collection of people sharing common interests, or philosophies and inter/intra personal connections. Borders for this type of community are not as clear as a geopolitical community. We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse burnout or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A phenomenological community can exist within a geopolitical community. An example of this is the homeless. The third is a broader view, encompassing a society, a nation, or the international community of the world as we know it. Community Health Community health is usually focused on a specific geographic region. In this way, specific epidemiological data can be obtained, and a precise community â€Å"report card† (Harkness DeMarco, 2012, p. 181) can be created. From there specific interventions, including measurable goals can be planned to address specific risks identified in the community. Community as client Community as a client requires collaborative practice among nurses,  epidemiologists, genetic counselors, and social workers (Harkness DeMarco, 2012, p. 180), among others, to achieve health promotion. There are many resources available within our various communities to encourage health. A major nursing role is to assess deficits, and identify community assets for implementation of change to improve community health. Healthy People 2020 Leading Health Indicator A leading health indicator that must continue to be addressed is tobacco abuse in the adult population (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p. 3). Nursing has a great role in creating evidence based change for this indicator. In the authors work setting, nurses can provide education toward secondary or tertiary prevention (Harkness DeMarco, 2012, p. 72) at the point of care for acute cardiac care. Nurses can also become involved in primary prevention by forming collaborative relationships with various community agencies to educate the public about risks and prevention. Nursing’s voice can also be heard through political expression. Membership in professional organizations and exercising our right to vote can also pave the way to primary prevention, and better health for all. Conclusion Nursing’s role in community health is crucial. Important skills are; knowledge of various community types, strong assessment skills, and understanding of health risks and vulnerable populations. Utilization of available resources and working collaboratively with other professionals are steps to improving overall health of the population. Appendix Housing and zoning Homes are mainly detached single family dwellings. They are well maintained. Primary construction materials are brick and board. All are modernized with plumbing and central heat. In town homes have smaller yards than township homes. All are well cared for. Transportation Transportation is mainly by private car. There are many walkers and cyclists observed. There is also a public bus system available that offers a fixed schedule. Roads are in good condition, with main highways readily available  to serve businesses and residents. A health concern is that some of the busier roads are dangerous for walkers and cyclists due to lack of/inadequate sidewalks/crossings. There is a paved recreational trail for public use. Race and ethnicity Mainly Caucasian. There are a few African Americans, and Asians noted. There are no overt indicators of ethnicity observed. A local resident would recognize that many of the nail salons are owned and operated by people of Asian descent. Open space There are many parks and open spaces available. Along the bay front there is a large, well maintained park and public boat launch. The streets are tree lined. There is a lush 60+ acre park with many varieties of trees, and streams including public trails. Many homeless people and teens use this area as a place to drink, which poses a potential health concern for all. The physical grounds for this area were a former state psychiatric hospital, which has been reclaimed from decay. The buildings are gradually being renovated and provide space for businesses, condominiums, low income housing, senior housing, and office space. Service centers The social security and post offices are within walking distance. There is a large, easily accessible hospital, and many physician and dental offices, also within walking distance. There are several parks that are well used and maintained. There is even a dog park where people can take their pets for exercise. It is fenced in and well used. Religion and politics There is religious heterogeneity noted. On one corner there is a large Lutheran church; on another is a Jewish temple. A couple of blocks away a large Catholic church is noted. There are two smaller churches located in the neighborhood. Evidence is observed that they are not used only for Sunday service. There are posters for various community meetings, and shared sponsorship for events such as Safe Harbor, which helps shelter our homeless in the winter. Boundaries The boundaries of this neighborhood are mainly natural. On the east is the Boardman Lake, on the north is Grand Traverse Bay, the west is bordered by highway M 72, and the east is bordered by Airport Road. The unofficial description for this neighborhood is the west side, which includes bits of Old Town Traverse City, and Garfield township. Stores and street people There are several local grocery stores/meat markets that are accessible by car, bicycle, or foot. The flourishing downtown area offers many fine restaurants and bars, as well as specialty stores. Most people observed on the streets are walkers/joggers, and pedestrians making their way to a destination. Children are seen walking to/from school. There are occasional homeless people noted. All are dressed accordingly, except the teens that seem to think shorts are O.K. year round. The only stray animals are the occasional cat. Most dogs are either leashed or escorted by owners. A few people do not feel leashes are necessary. Dog’s that are not leashed in a public setting pose a health hazard. Health and morbidity The most obvious chronic disease conditions are obesity and tobacco abuse. Both of these conditions are serious health hazards. It is not uncommon to observe severely obese individuals/families in this community. A few compound the issue by smoking. Since Michigan banned smoking in restaurants and bars, this phenomena is much less obvious. It is still noticeable when following the car of a smoker, as one can easily smell the tobacco. Many of the homeless observed have mental health issues, as they are often in conflict with local law enforcement. Both our excellent regional referral hospital and the local Veterans Affairs clinic are within walking distance. Commons The major common area for this neighborhood is downtown Traverse City. There are many attractions for all to enjoy. Many interesting specialty stores, coffee shops, theaters, event centers, Micro-breweries, bars and restaurants make the entire downtown area a strong draw for all. Hours are mainly six A.M. to three A.M. Both locals as well as visitors enjoy the downtown and waterfront year round. Signs of decay This neighborhood is very alive and on the way up. Traverse City is a popular place to live and work. The described neighborhood is very desirable for all the reasons described above. Store fronts are occupied and busy, homes and yards are well maintained, and schools/churches are busy and are a vital part of the community. Media The most common media has become the smart phone. People are able to review local news, weather, and sports at a moment’s notice, all while on the go. The local newspaper is still a popular way to stay connected, as there is evidence of many regularly used home delivery tubes. Cable television is also popular for sporting events, as well as news and weather. The only outdoor antennas are satellite dishes.

Strong and Weak Vowels in Spanish

Strong and Weak Vowels in Spanish Vowels in Spanish are classified as either weak or strong, and the classification determines when combinations of two or more vowels are considered to form a separate syllable. Key Takeaways: Spanish Vowels The strong vowels of Spanish are a, e, and o; the weak vowels are i and u.When two strong vowels are next to each other, they form separate syllables; in other combinations, the vowels are in the same syllable.Two vowels next to each other form a diphthong; three vowels next to each other form a triphthong. Two Types of Vowels The strong vowels of Spanish - sometimes known as open vowels- are a, e, and o. The weak vowels - sometimes known as closed vowels or semivowels- are i and u. Y often serves as a weak vowel as well, functioning in the same way and sounding the same as i. The basic rule of vowel combinations and syllables is that two strong vowels cannot be in the same syllable, so that when two strong vowels are next to each other, they are considered to belong to separate syllables. But other combinations - such as a strong and a weak vowel or two weak vowels - form a single syllable. Be aware that in real life, especially in rapid speech, two strong vowels, such as in the words maestro and Oaxaca, often slide together to be pronounced in a way that may sound like a single syllable or very close to it. But they are still considered separate syllables for writing purposes, such as when dividing words at the end of a line or for the use of accent marks. Keep in mind that vowel sounds in Spanish tend to be purer than they are in English. In English, for example, the word boa (a type of snake) often sounds something like boh-wah, while in Spanish boa sounds more like boh-ah. This is because English speakers often pronounce the long o with a slight ooh sound at the end, while Spanish speakers do not. Diphthongs When a strong and a weak vowel or two weak vowels combine to form a single syllable, they form a diphthong. An example of a diphthong is the ai combination in baile (dance). The ai combination here sounds much like the English word eye. Another example is the ui combination in fui, which to the English speaker sounds much like fwee. Here are some fairly common words that include diphthongs (shown in boldface): puerto (port), tierra (earth), siete (seven), hay (there is or there are), cuida (care), ciudad (city), labio (lip), hacia (toward), paisano (peasant), cancià ³n (song), Europa (Europe), aire (air). In some words, a strong and weak vowel or two weak vowels dont merge together but instead form separate syllables. In those cases, a written accent over the weak vowel is used to show the distinction. A common example is the name Marà ­a. Without the accent mark, the name would be pronounced much like MAHR-yah. In effect, the accent mark turns the i into a strong vowel. Other words where an accent mark is used to keep a weak vowel from becoming part of a diphthong include rà ­o (river), heroà ­na (heroine), dà ºo (duet) and paà ­s (country). If there is an accent over the strong vowel, it doesnt destroy the diphthong. For example, in adià ³s, the accent merely indicates where the spoken stress goes but doesnt affect how the vowels work together. Triphthongs Occasionally, a diphthong can combine with a third vowel to form a triphthong. Triphthongs never have two strong vowels in them; they are formed by either three weak vowels or a strong vowel with two weak vowels. Words that have triphthongs include Uruguay (Uruguay), estudiis (you study) and buey (ox). Note that for purposes of the written accent, the y is considered a consonant even if it is functioning as a vowel. Thus the final syllable of Uruguay is what gets the stress; thats where the stress goes on words ending in a consonant other than n or s. If the final letter were an i, the word would need to be spelled Urugui to maintain the pronunciation.

Internet censorship in the GCC region Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Internet censorship in the GCC region - Essay Example It has become quite evident in the contemporary work, wherein issues related to the aforementioned aspects are quite common. In order to acquire a comprehensive understanding, a discussion regarding internet censorship would be vital. In this regard, internet is undoubtedly regarded as one of the most widely used technologies in the world today. In relation to this significant aspect, the aspect of internet censorship is regarded as the approach or the part of censorship which provides certain necessary restrictions on accessing various sorts of published contents in the World Wide Web (WWW). It would be vital to mention that internet censorship rules differ from one country to other and also from one particular region to other. In the GCC region comprising countries like Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, censorship has a different face altogether (Mohammed, 2012). However, there are certain controversies associated with internet censorship that are also visible in the GCC region. ... Hence, it can be affirmed that the decisions that are usually taken with regard to internet censorship in various regions of the world are subjected to several controversies. Thesis Statement Considering the brief discussion illustrated above regarding internet censorship, the later part of the discussion will mainly focus on depicting the importance and the purpose of internet censorship in the world today along with worthy and relevant examples. The paper will also seek to provide an in-depth understanding about the aspect of internet censorship in the GCC regions. Internet Censorship Definition Censorship is regarded as the approach of the concerned authorities situated in almost every nation of the world towards supervising and controlling the information or the ideas that are disseminated within the people living in the society. This might include examining the books, plays, films along with television shows and restraining the contents that might be unpleasant for the people li ving in the society. Correspondingly, the approach of internet censorship is examining the contents that are published, uploaded or accessed in the internet and restraining the objectionable part for the people of the nations. It would be vital to mention that the approach or the criteria of selecting objectionable contents might differ with the values and morals of the concerned authorities from region to region (Oklahoma State University, 2013). The Purpose of Censorship The significance of Censorship is ought to differ from region to region owing to the purpose for which it is being practiced. However, in general, the purpose of censorship is to preserve the

The Effects of Cigarettes Smoking on Low Birth Weights of Infants Term Paper

The Effects of Cigarettes Smoking on Low Birth Weights of Infants - Term Paper Example These pregnancy outcomes are known to be associated with infant mortality (Kochanek & Martin, 2005). Hypothesis In this observational study it has been hypothesized that women who are smokers, on average, will give birth to infants with birth weight less than 2500 grams than those who are non-smokers Cigarette Smoking in the United States The prevalence of smoking in the adult U.S. population in 1965 was 42.4% (51.9% of men in the U.S. and 33.9% of women) (Giovino, 2002). More men than women continue to smoke (25.1% of men and 21.2% of women), however the decline in women smoking is at a far slower rate than that observed in men. The gap in the rate of smoking between men and women has diminished from almost 20% in 1965 to less than 5% in 1997 (MMWR, 1999). In spite of numerous reports since the mid 1960s about smoking and health risks (U.S. Surgeon General, 2001), a Department of Health and Human Services report released stated that 23% of the U.S. adult population smoked cigarettes between 1999 and 2001 (DHHS, 2004). Ebrahim, Floyd, Merritt, Decoufle, and Holtzman (2000), using data from the National Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) of 187,302 non-institutionalized women aged 18-44, found that the prevalence of current smoking decreased significantly among both non-pregnant women (26.7% to 23.6% and pregnant women (16.3% to 11.8%) between 1987 and 1996. A 1999 report stated that 21 % of all U.S. women and 12.3 % of pregnant women in the U.S. reported smoking during pregnancy (Mathews, 2001). The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Reproductive Outcomes Cigarette smoking has been known for decades to be related to poor reproductive outcomes (Annette, 2008). Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with first trimester spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, preterm birth, placenta previa and abruption, low birth weight, restricted intrauterine lung growth, and sudden unexplained infant death (Hofhuis, de Jongste, & Merkus, 2003). Further , cigarette smoking has been associated with fetal loss, respiratory distress syndrome and other respiratory conditions of the newborn, and sudden infant death syndrome (Schoendorf & Kiely, 1992). In addition, it is estimated that 17 to 26% of low birth weight infants, 7 to 10% of preterm deliveries, and 5-6% of prenatal deaths could be prevented if pregnant women did not smoke (Husten, Chrismon, & Reddy, 1996). In terms of birth defects, one study, using the 345 cases of infants with clubfoot and the 3,029 controls of the Atlanta Birth Defects Case Control Study database, Honein, Paulozzi, and Moore (2000) identified an approximate 20- fold increased risk for clubfoot to occur in infants born to women who had a family history of clubfoot and who also smoked cigarettes (OR=20.30, 95%CI: 7.90, 52.17). This risk for clubfoot was much higher when both factors were considered together than the risk associated with either of these risk factors alone (OR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.04, 1.72 for cigare tte smoking alone; OR=6.52, 95%CI: 2.95, 14.41 for family history alone). There have been numerous studies published about the association of cigarette smoking in pregnancy and low birth weight. For example, a population-based Swedish study (n = 538,829) showed that smoking