A History of the Colony of Rhode Island

The colony of Rhode Island was founded between 1636 and 1642 by five separate and combative groups, most of whom had been expelled or left the Massachusetts Bay colony for disputative reasons. The colony was first named Roodt Eylandt by Dutch trader Adriaen  Block (1567–1627), who had explored that area for the Netherlands. The name means red island and it refers to the red clay that Block reported there. Fast Facts: Rhode Island Colony Also Known As: Roodt Eylandt, Providence PlantationsNamed After: Red Island in Dutch, or perhaps after RhodesFounding Year: 1636; permanent charter 1663Founding Country: EnglandFirst Known European Settlement: William Blackstone, 1634Residential Native Communities: Narragansetts, Wampanoags  Founders: Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, William Coddington, William Arnold, Samuel GortonImportant People: Adriaen BlockFirst Continental Congressmen: Stephen Hopkins, Samuel WardSigners of the Declaration: Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery Early Settlements / Plantations Although the Puritan British theologian Roger Williams (1603–1683) is often given the sole role of founder of Rhode Island, the colony was in fact settled by five independent and combative sets of people between 1636 and 1642. They were all English, and most of them began their colonial experiences in Massachusetts Bay colony but were banished for various reasons. Roger Williamss group was the earliest: in 1636, he settled in what would become Providence on the north end of Narragansett Bay, after he was kicked out of the Massachusetts Bay colony.   Roger Williams had grown up in England, only leaving in 1630 with his wife Mary Barnard when the persecution of Puritans  and Separatists began increasing. He moved to the Massachusetts Bay Colony and worked from 1631 to 1635 as a pastor and a farmer. Although many in the colony saw his views as quite radical, Williams felt that the religion he practiced must be free from any influence of the Church of England and the English king. In addition, he questioned the right of the King to grant land to individuals in the New World.  While serving as a pastor in Salem, he had a fight with the colonial leaders, because he believed that each church congregation should be autonomous and should not follow directions sent down from the leaders.   Founding of Rhode Island In 1635, Williams was banished to England by the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his beliefs in the separation of church and state and freedom of religion. Instead, he fled and lived with the Narragansett Indians  in what would become Providence Plantation (meaning settlement). Providence, which he formed in 1636, attracted other separatists who wished to flee from colonial religious rules of which they did not agree.   One such separatist was the poet and feminist  Anne Hutchinson (1591–1643), another Puritan from Massachusetts Bay, who began Pocasset on Aquidneck Island in 1638, which eventually became Portsmouth. She had been banished for speaking out against the Church in Massachusetts Bay. William Coddington (1601–1678), a magistrate at Massachusetts Bay, settled first in Pocasset but split from Hutchinsons group and settled in Newport, also on Aquidneck Island, in 1639. In 1642, Massachusetts Bay ex-patriot William Arnold (1586–1676) settled on the mainland in Pawtuxet, now part of Cranston. Finally, Samuel Gorton (1593–1677) settled first in Plymouth, then Portsmouth, and then Providence, and finally set up his own group in Shawomet, later renamed to Warwick in 1642.   A Charter Political and religious squabbling was a common feature of these small plantations. Providence evicted people for speaking out in meetings; Portsmouth had to hire two police officials in late 1638 to keep the peace; a small group of people from Shawomet were arrested and brought forcibly to Boston where they were tried and convicted on various charges. William Arnold fell into dispute with Warwick plantation and for a time put his plantation under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts Bay. These disputes were primarily were struggles over religious practices and governing, in addition to boundary issues with Connecticut. Part of the problem was they had no charter: the only legitimate authority in Rhode Island from 1636–1644 was the voluntary compacts which everybody but Gortons group had agreed to. Massachusetts Bay kept intruding into their politics, and so Roger Williams was sent to England to negotiate an official charter in 1643.   Uniting the Colony The first charter was validated by British Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell in 1644 and that became the basis of government in Rhode Island colony in 1647. In 1651, Coddington obtained a separate charter, but protests led to the reinstatement of the original charter. In 1658, Cromwell died and the charter had to be renegotiated, and it was on July 8, 1663, that the Baptist minister John Clarke (1609–1676) went to London to get it: that charter united the settlements into the newly named Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.   Despite the conflict, or perhaps because of it, Rhode Island was quite progressive for its day. Known for fierce independence and the absolute separation of church and state, Rhode Island attracted persecuted groups such as Jews and Quakers. Its government guaranteed freedom of religion for all its citizens, abolished witchcraft trials, imprisonment for debt, most capital punishment, and chattel slavery of both blacks and whites, all by 1652.   The American Revolution Rhode Island was a prosperous colony by the time of the American Revolution with its fertile soil and ample harbors. However, its harbors also meant that after the French and Indian War, Rhode Island was severely impacted by British import and export regulations and taxes. The colony was a frontrunner in the movement towards independence. It severed ties before the Declaration of Independence. Although not a lot of actual fighting occurred on Rhode Island soil, except for the British seizure and occupation of Newport until October 1779.   In 1774, Rhode Island sent two men to the First Continental Congress: former governor and then-chief justice of the Supreme Court Stephen Hopkins and former governor Samuel Ward. Hopkins and William Ellery, an attorney who replaced the deceased Samuel Ward, signed the Declaration of Independence for Rhode Island.   After the war, Rhode Island continued to show its independence. In fact, it did not agree with the federalists and was the last to ratify the U.S. Constitution—after it had already gone into effect, and the government had been established. Sources and Further Reading Bozeman, Theodore Dwight. Religious Liberty and the Problem of Order in Early Rhode Island. The New England Quarterly 45.1 (1972): 44-64. Print.Frost, J. William. Quaker Versus Baptist: A Religious and Political Squabble in Rhode Island Three Hundred Years Ago. Quaker History 63.1 (1974): 39-52. Print.Gorton, Adelos. The Life and Times of Samuel Gorton. Philadelphia, Higgenson Book Company, 1907.  McLoughlin, William. Rhode Island: A History. States and the Nation. W. W. Norton Company, 1986

Juveniles Treated Like Adults Essays - 1330 Words

Everyday a vast number of brutal crimes occur somewhere in America. Teens as young as thirteen commit murder, rape, and burglary to an extent. What can be done about it? The best answer I can think of is to treat juveniles like adults. They have just as much responsibility and knowledge of their actions just as adults do, so they deserve the same punishment if they commit the same crime. Believe it or not, teens commit the same level of crimes that adults commit. Crimes will get even worse in the future if nothing is strictly done about the unnecessary violent actions. An idea to prevent the crimes from continuing is to punish juveniles and adults equally. Juvenile punishments do not provide the harsh consequences juveniles deserve. There†¦show more content†¦A variety of ages are guilty for numerous crimes. Any age of a criminal is a threat to the public. Juveniles deserve to be treated like adults. Many people feel sorry for young people who commit heinous crimes to receive such as harsh punishments as adults do when it comes to a similar crime. What people with such emotional feelings toward juveniles do not think about is the damage a young criminal causes. Of course there are some cases in which young people are treated differently from adults such as getting a job or even voting. In those cases young people are not educated enough to have the ability to do either of those because of the knowledge they are not provided with at such a young age. Juveniles take in the sorrow that people feel for them. They think they stand a high chance of getting out of trouble when they are standing in court being tried as guilty. A great amount of people in the jury look at the young teen and think, â€Å"There is no way a young teen could commit murder or any other brutal crime.† What they do not understand is that there is plenty of evidence when it comes to even accusing a juvenil e as a suspect. Just because someone looks young and harmless, it does not mean there is evil on the inside. Looking deeper into the purpose of the case the juvenile was involved in pays off. Not only does the purpose of the case make sense, it also shows an insight of the society atShow MoreRelatedNot Yet an Adult in the Juvenile Justice System Essay700 Words   |  3 Pageswhich means they define them as an adult. Compare to a teenager, adults are expected to depend on themselves while teenagers depend on their parents. Adults are expected to be responsible for their actions. Teenagers should also be responsible for their actions, shouldnt they? People should not treat teenagers as kids. Teenagers should know that committing a crime is wrong. The Justice Department says that about 10 percent of all homicides are committed by juveniles and almost every year, the FBI arrestsRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Essay examples1326 Words   |  6 PagesThe Juvenile Justice System Jodia M Murphy Kaplan University CJ150 Juvenile Delinquency Professor Thomas Woods July 31, 2012 Abstract This paper takes a brief look at the history and evolution of the juvenile justice system in the United States. In recent years there has been an increase of juvenile cases being transferred into the adult court system. This paper will also look at that process and the consequences of that trend. History and Evolution In the early nineteenth centuryRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Juveniles1016 Words   |  5 Pagesthat many juveniles are being sentenced and tried unfairly in the court. Many believed that children as young as twelve should be treated differently than an adult who commit the same crime, but that’s not what’s happening today. Young children are not the same as an adult in many ways, so they should not be put in jail for life if they commit a crime. Nobody really deserve to be put into a jail for the rest of their life, especially a young kid. It is injustice to sentenced juveniles, who committedRead MoreJuveniles And Prisons1313 Words   |  6 PagesJuveniles and Prison â€Å"I used to believe are our future but now I realize that this, sadly isn’t the reality. Through laws that treat kids like adults, the government is throwing away the future of children in this country.† (D. Lee) An estimated 200,000 juveniles are tried as adults. The term juvenile refers to any young person under the age of 18. For most states in the United States, the age of majority is 18. While there are many things that juveniles are unable to do until they reach the ageRead MorePros And Cons Of Juvenile Offenders1024 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile Offenders or Adult Criminals? The act of participating in a crime by a minor is considered juvenile delinquency. This criminal act may be punished by many different means, designed specifically to deal with those who are under the statutory age of majority, which is the threshold of adulthood in law. However, many people argue that the severity of the juvenile prosecution system isnt high enough to order proper punishment. Therefore, juvenile offenders should be tried under adult laws.Read MoreSimilarities and Differences Between the Juvenile Justice and Adult Criminal System835 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: JUVENILE V. CRIMINAL 1 Juvenile Justice System V. Criminal Justice System Ronda Cauchon CJ150-01 Professor Abreu Kaplan University October 9, 2012 JUVENILE V CRIMINAL 2 Juvenile Justice System V. Criminal Justice System In the earliest of times, juvenile offenders were treated the sameRead MoreShould Juveniles Be Treated As Adults?1268 Words   |  6 PagesSince the Juvenile Justice Court (JJC) was first established there has been a debate on when, and whether or not, Juveniles should be treated as adults when they commit heinous crimes. Prior to the establishment of the JJC, parents were responsible for the actions of their kids under the age of seven; juveniles were tried as adults. By establishing the JJC, teenagers were given privileges they previously had not held; such as being treated as delinquents rather than criminals when committing crimesRead MoreJuvenile Crimes924 Words   |  4 PagesWhen deciding how juveniles should be treated or punished for their crimes, depends on the individual and the severity of the crime they commit. The term juvenile is classified as anyone who commits a crime that is generally between the ages of 7 and 17. There are many critics that argue different ways and ideas on how to handle juveniles and whether or not their age should affect their consequences. Some view that juveniles should be treated more for rehabilitation rather than punishing them. TheRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention Act Of 19741625 Words   |  7 PagesA juvenile or â€Å"youthful inmate† as defined by the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (PREA) is any person under the age of eighteen who is under adult-court supervision and incarcerated or detained in a prison or jail. While PREA defines a juvenile as under the age of eighteen the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (JJDPA) allows the states to set their own definition of a juvenile (Lahey). This discrepancy in the definition of a juvenile has caused problems and slow progressRead MoreThe Case Of Theft And Simple Assault Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pagesprogram such as aftercare (Kids Legal, 2013). As juvenile offenders, they will go to a juvenile court which is a private civil proceeding just for juveniles. This is more relaxed and will not result in a criminal record. An adult would have to go to a public criminal court with a formal environment and be charged with a crime resulting in a criminal record. Juveniles do not have the opportunity to a jury trial like adults do. Both juvenile and adult’s trials are adversarial and they may choose

Multidisciplinary Approach To Sports Free Essays

MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO SPORTS With recent advances in science and modern challenges in sports, it has become important for athletes to incorporate breakthroughs and principles from different areas into sports to achieve maximum performance. According to Freisen Orlick (2010), there is indeed a need, due to recent evidence to involve the expertise of different professionals from fields into sports by introducing elements of nutrition and diet, physiology, psychology as well as biomechanics to help in the optimal training of sport men and women in order to achieve maximal output. Dietary management is important for every individual to remain fit and healthy and it is much more important for anyone that engages in sports. We will write a custom essay sample on Multidisciplinary Approach To Sports or any similar topic only for you Order Now The knowledge of the body physiology cannot be overemphasized in maximizing the body. The mental state of an athlete is also in fact as important as the physical state and an understanding of biomechanics is needful to be able to maximize the body system in sports performance. According to Kentta Hassmen (2002), optimum sports performance integrates different components including the physiological, technical, dietary and tactical aspects and it can be concluded from this that an athlete is ultimately a â€Å"Psychosociophyiological System†. There have been different authors and researches that have documented the relationship between different components (such as psychology, physiology, nutrition and biomechanics) and optimal performance of athletes and there is a need to examine the validity of these claims in the face of recent evidences and researches. The Role of Psychology in Performance of Athletes It has become common knowledge that psychological skills are important as they influence the performance of any athlete or team. This has over time led to the evolvement of the field of sports psychology which is aimed at ensuring that the right and optimal mental attitude is inculcated in sport persons. Many teams involved in competitive sports have therefore seen a need to include sports psychologists in their coaching crew. Psychological training and exercise have been used in a wide range of sporting activities to improve the performance of athletes. According to Cox et al (2010), there are some specific parameters that can be used to measure an athlete’s mental or psychological strength and they include the ability to cope with adversity, the ability to be coached, concentration, confidence, goal setting skill, ability to work effectively under pressure and the capacity to deal with worry or stress. Taking baseball for example, Karl Dorfman (2002) observed that when league baseball players, managers and coaches were asked about the quality that sets a great player apart from the rest, they will almost all unanimously affirm that it is the mental aspect of the game that makes the difference. In such a league as the baseball league, many players are at par in their physical abilities but what makes the difference between the winning side and the losing side has been recognized to be the mental attitude. Many successful athletes have been known to often consult personal sport psychologists to help them cope with the stressors and anxiety that accompany the preparation process and influence performance (Jones, 1995). Some studies have been done to validate the influence of psychology in sports performance. Smith Christensen (1995) for example, found a significant relationship between psychological skills and performance in position players and pitchers in the NCAA baseball minor league. They concluded from the study that confidence and achievement under pressure are two potent indicators of batting performance and that climaxing under pressure and boldness can be used to predict the earn run average (ERA) of pitchers. In addition, an investigation was conducted to look into the use of mental training by NCAA division 1 baseball coaches (Clement, 2004). All the coaches that were interviewed agreed that psychological drills and training had positive roles they played on the teams and these coaches adopted some common mental techniques and exercises which include mental meetings, coaching staff modeling excellence, developing routines, specific goal setting and visualization, and relaxation techniques (Clement, 2004). â€Å"Most importantly, this study suggested that sports psychology and mental training might be the difference between success and failure at the collegiate and professional level of sport† (Bronson, 2010). Another recent study by Cox et al (2010) examined the link between psychological strength and performance and it was asserted that psychological skills such as confidence and ability to cope with worry and stress could be predictors of subjective performance of any athlete. Cox et al (2010) also compared their study with similar ones and found related conclusions. There is therefore sufficient evidence to back up Kentta and Hassman (2002) assertion in the psychological aspect of optimal performance because the field of sports psychology has continued to receive acceptance in different sporting activities because of the scientific basis of the benefits that such fields offer young and successful athletes. It will therefore be safe to assert that an athlete that takes time to develop psychological skills and can match such skills with his physical abilities will invariably stand out and show excellence in performance all other things being equal. Sports psychologists have taken time to map out some basic psychological skills that an athlete must be determined to acquire that will amount to a better performance and these skills have been used in different sports with documented results. Goal setting: This is one of the primary mental skills used by athletes (Carr 2006). According to Csikszentmihalyi (1990), goal setting is important in achieving a â€Å"flow† experience which is the experience where an athlete achieves optimal performance. Arousal Control: This is the psychological skill that an athlete will need in order to combat the anxiety that often comes with the game. According to Carr (2006), there are different ways to regulate arousal which are: Breathing: This is useful in stressful situations. The athlete breaths in and out slowly which helps with oxygen intake and accelerates recovery. This is a practice that can help any athlete in times of pressure or dissatisfaction. Muscle relaxation: Anxiety often causes muscles to be tense and tight. Muscle relaxation however helps to reduce this tension. An athlete should therefore learn to control anxiety by learning the technique of muscle relaxation whenever there is a stressful event or situation such as an injury or a loss. A tensed muscle will always inhibit performance because a relaxed muscle is important for physical activity especially for an athlete. Positive Self Talk: This is another important psychological concept that can be used in the field of sport. Hardy et al (2001) tried to look into the what, where, why and when of self talk among athletes and it was observed that self talk is used during practice and competition. They further asserted that self talk can be used positively to increase motivation as well as self confidence in order to enhance performance. Here, the athlete encourages himself by using positive words and this has been shown to cause enough motivation to increase performance in sport. Concentration and focus: It is important that an athlete concentrates and keeps his focus on the things that matter to his performance. There are different factors or issues that can come into play in sports and distract an athlete from his main goal. The uproar from spectators can get some athletes distracted so much that they may find it difficult to perform some easy tasks in a competition that they find easy to do on their own or in training. According to (Carr 2006), there are different mental skills that can be used to keep off such distractions and enhance performance and they include: Mental Imagery: In this, an athlete creates and stores experiences in memory and is able to recall them. The memories are stored through all his senses including the senses of touch, sound and movement. The athlete can imagine pleasant situations that can motivate him to action and enhance his performance. Cognitive Strategies: This involves the modification of the thought pattern of the athlete and involves strategies such as self talk that has been mentioned earlier. Sports psychology has come a long way to become a vital aspect of different sporting activities and there is a need for athletes to maximize the benefits of psychological training in their respective sports because there seems to be an agreement by varying authors on the positive influence of psychology. The Role of Nutrition is Sports Performance Sports nutrition is another discipline that can be used to verify the statement of Kentta Hassman (2002) about the multidisciplinary approach to the performance of athletes. There is a need to examine different literatures that have attempted to establish the relationship between nutrition and performance of athletes. It is a common assumption that because an athlete is meant to be a quintessence of physical fitness, his nutritional status must be superior to the general population though this may not always be true (Grandjeur 1997). According to Grandjean (1997), proper nutrition is needed and essential for normal development and the maintenance of optimal health: nutrition can make the difference in performance for an excellent athlete assuming that all other factors are favorable. There are documented researches that have been made on the positive influence of nutrition on the performance of athletes and it can be concluded that what athletes eat and drink can affect their health, body weight and composition, availability of substrate during exercise, duration of recovery after activity, and exercise performance (Joint Position 2000).Energy is usually needed for physical activity and the availability of this energy in adequate proportion and form will always invariably determine the performance of any athlete. â€Å"It is the position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine that physical activity, athletic performance, and recovery from exercise are enhanced by optimal nutrition† (Joint Position 2000) It should be the goal of an athlete to obtain sufficient amount of energy from food because achieving energy balance will increase performance. â€Å"Energy balance is defined as a state when energy intake (the sum of energy from food, fluids, and supplement products) equals energy expenditure (the sum of energy expended as basal metabolism, the thermic effect of food, and any voluntary physical activity)† (Swinburn Ravussin 1993). From this, it can be elicited that any deficit in energy balance will invariably have a negative effect on performance. In a study done to examine the influence of calorie intake pre-exercise on exercise performance, athletes were required to bike for 45 minutes and then sprint hard for another 15 minutes. It was found that when they were given 180 to 270 calorie snack about 5 minutes before the exercise, there was a noticeable improvement of up to 10% in the last 5 minutes and there was 20% improvement when they ate 4 hours before the exercise and then took snack 5 minutes before the exercise (Neufer 1987). This goes a long way to prove that the need for adequate calorie intake for an athlete cannot be overemphasized because it may be the singular factor that distinguishes a winning athlete from a talented one. It is also important to note that the level of activity of any athlete at a given time should influence his/her diet because sports differ in the intensity of activity. It is imperative that an athlete understands the intensity of his activity and the diet that will provide him with the best nutrition for his activity level. Classification of Sports and Games According to Energy Expenditure (National Institute of Nutrition) CATEGORYEVENT GROUP IPOWER EVENTS OF HIGHER WEIGHT CATEGORY (80KG AND ABOVE)WEIGHT LIFTING, BOXING, WRESTLING, JUDO, THROWING EVENTS GROUP IIENDURANCE EVENTS:MARATHON, LONG DISTANCE RUNNING, AND WALKING ROAD CYCLING, ROWING MIDDLE AND LONG DISTANCE SWIMMING GROUP IIITEAM EVENTS, ATHLETICS AND POWER EVENTS OF MIDDLEE WEIGHT CATEGORY (65KG): HOCKEY, FOOT BALL, VOLLEY BALL, BASKETBALL, TENNIS, SPRINTS, JUMPERS, BOXING, WRESTLING, WEIGHT LIFTING, JUD AND SWIMMING GROUP IVEVENTS OF LIGHT WEIGHT CATEGORY: GYMNASTICS, TABLE TENNIS, YATCHING, BOXING, WRESTLING, WEIGHT LIFTING AND JUDO GROUP VSKILL GAME: SHOOTING, ARCHERY AND EQUESTRAIN Macronutrient Requirement For an athlete to get the best nutrition, it is important that there is an understanding of the different nutrients and how they contribute to optimal performance. â€Å"Data from the IOC-funded study showed an average energy intake for all athletes of various winter sports of approximately 2800 kcal with 61% being supplied by carbohydrates, 16 to 17% by protein, and 23 to 24% by fat† (Meyer Simmons 2003). In a particular study done, it was found that in cross-country skiers, a high energy intake is required during training and competition with contributions of at least 60% from carbohydrates, 12 to 15% from protein and about 20-25% from fat (Meyer Simmons 2003). Carbohydrates Carbohydrate provides a rich source of energy for everyone and athletes can depend on it for optimal performance. When there is an increase in the intensity of exercise, there is usually an associated increase in the input of carbohydrate to the energy pool (Brooks Mercier 1994). Carbohydrates are usually stored in the muscle and liver as glycogen which can be mobilized when there is energy need. The glycogen stored in the muscle is the primary source of energy during exercise while the pool in the liver provides energy for the brain. However, glycogen stores in the muscle (which is around 200 – 600g) and the liver (about 80 – 120g) including blood glucose are usually limited, and thus, require daily repletion through dietary means because in addition to the energy supply, carbohydrate has been shown to be useful in attenuating the stress-related immune response that occurs during and after intense exercise (Meyer Simmons 2003). Protein Protein is also part of the energy store which means that an adequate intake will influence performance. Protein metabolism during exercise is usually multi-factorial because it is influenced by factors such as the intensity, duration and type of exercise, training environment, dietary protein and energy, and the age and sex of the individual (Butterfield 1987). While carbohydrates remain the major nutrient that provides energy during intense activity, protein is the major nutrient important for adaptations in training and they are essential components of the muscle, cell membranes, hormones, antibodies, enzymes and other body components (Campbell nd).According to ISSN, any actively exercising person needs about 1.4 to 2.0 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day (Kreider et al 2010). Fat â€Å"Fat contributes to the energy pool over a wide range of exercise intensities, being metabolized at somewhat the same absolute rate throughout the range; however, the proportion of energy contributed by fat decreases as exercise intensity increases because the contribution of carbohydrate increases† (Bergman et al 1999). Even though some fats are not beneficial, an athlete must identify the beneficial sources and use them to complement the needed calories. â€Å"Research has clearly shown that not ingesting a sufficient amount of calories and/or enough of the right type of macronutrients may impede an athlete’s training adaptations while athletes who consume a balanced diet that meets energy needs can augment physiological training adaptations† (Kreider et al 2010). Any athlete that takes a diet that is energy deficient during training stands the risk of losing muscle mass as strength and becomes susceptible to illness (Kreider et al 2010) PART B CASE STUDY Mr. Kuyt is a Professional Basket Ball player and a regime has been designed for him and his fellow team mates that incorporate the use of tested and trusted techniques in strengthening and maintaining performance in the game. The regime is based on a weekly plan that takes into consideration two different fields that have been shown to be important in enhancing performance of athletes. Mr. Kuyt will have to observe all these techniques on a daily basis for a week and then continue with it every week. The training will be classified into two based on the fields which are Psychology and Nutrition. Weekly Psychological Training Pattern Day 1 Goal Setting It is important that any high aiming athlete just like Mr. Kuyt begins the week by setting specific and practical goals that he intends to achieve. â€Å"Setting goals can help athletes focus on what’s most important, increase their effort and motivation to stick with their plan, consider new strategies regarding how to accomplish their goals and help them track their progress† (Blackmer n.d). According to Pritchard (2000), the advantages of setting challenging but realistic goals are that the athlete gets motivated to try hard and his success at this will motivate him further and since the athlete can control his effort at maintaining the challenging goals, there is a reduction in goal-related stress. Mr. Kuyt writes down his goal for the week which can include his training targets and his resolves. Day 2 Positive self talk Different studies have shown the effect of what we say on our outcomes. It is therefore important that Mr. Kuyt also recognizes this fact and uses self talk to his advantage. According to Blackmer (n.d), the key to using self talk as a tool for improving performance is for Mr. Kuyt to be able to carefully monitor what he says to himself so that he is able to leverage on this for a better performance. Mr. Kuyt begins this on the second day and evaluates himself every other second day of the following week on how he has been able to successfully apply this principle. Day 3 Arousal Control This is the factor that Mr. Kuyt needs to be able to make a free throw or last second shot with thousands of people shouting and millions watching in the television (Carr 2006). Here Mr, Kuyt learns to remain cool and calm during periods of anxiety and pressure and still try to bring out the best in him. According to Harris (1986), the simplest yet most central way for Mr. Kuyt to control anxiety is through breathing. He must learn to do this whenever he confronts any stressful event like the anticipation of a loss or injury. Anxiety can also be the culprit of muscle tension. Mr. Kuyt must therefore also learn muscle relaxation as a way of battling anxiety because it can cause his muscles to be tight and rigid (Carr 2006) Day 4 Concentration and focus Some extremely talented athletes have failed to achieve their best not just because they do not have the skills but because they fail to focus on the â€Å"cues† that are important for an excellent performance (Carr 2006). Thus, Mr. Kuyt must take time to attain concentration and put his focus off the things around him that may distract him from achieving optimal performance. Day 5 Imagery â€Å"Imagery has long been associated with mental preparation in sport psychology and for good reason, as plenty of research demonstrates its potential value† ( Friesen Orlick 2011). Imagery is the process through which sensory experiences are kept in memory and are recalled effortlessly without any external stimuli (Murphy 1996). It is therefore helpful that Mr. Kuyt follows up on his training by creating mental pictures of success to be able to motivate him to action. Day 6 Break This day, Mr. Kuyt takes a break from all the training. This is the day where he reflects on all he has been able to learn from the previous day and assesses himself on how far he has been able to keep up with his training. Day 7 Meeting According to Stavrou (n.d), athletes should meet with their team mates and coach at least once in a week and each meeting should have a specific content. Since the success of an athlete rests on the performance of his team, it is important that Mr. Kuyt meets with his team mates and coach and that they discuss issues that will further strengthen their psychological approach to the game. Weekly Nutritional Training It takes a lot of discipline and self control for an athlete to eat what he needs and not just what he wants or desires. It will therefore take Mr. Kuyt to be determined to monitor his diet everyday and take only things that will contribute to optimal performance. Research over the last decade has indicated that athletes engaged in intense training need to ingest about two times the RDA of protein in their diet (1.5 to 2.0 g/kg/d) in order to maintain protein balance and 8-10g/kg/day of carbohydrate and the fat in the diet should not be more that 30% of the daily calorie intake (Joint Position 2000). Mr. Kuyt who is 70kg will therefore need about 105-140 g of protein and about 560-700g of carbohydrate everyday to keep up with his calorie need and will then add the appropriate amount of fat. On days when Mr. Kuyt will have heavy trainings, he can take some snacks about 5 minutes before the exercise to supply him with enough calories to aid the exercise because as shown earlier, this has been proven to aid in performance. The timing of his meal is also important and should be put into consideration. According toClark(2008), Mr. Kuyt meal time table of an athlete’s meal could follow the pattern below: Meal Time Calories Breakfast7-8:00 am 600 Lunch 11-12 noon600 Second Lunch 3-4:00 PM 500 Workout 5-6:30 PM Dinner 7-8:00 PM  ±700 Mr. Kuyt also takes enough fruits and vegetables that will serve as sources of vitamins and minerals which are also important in body building and body metabolism. In conclusion, consistent psychological training and a well informed nutritional plan are important in optimizing the performance of athletes across different sporting disciplines irrespective of the level of talent or physical activity. It can therefore be concluded that the approach of Kentta Hassman (2002) as athletes being a â€Å"Psychosociophyiological System† has been validated by other authors and researches and there is therefore a need to establish these other disciplines as important tools in sports. References Bergman B.C., Brooks, B.R. (1999). Respiratory gas-exchange ratios during graded exercise in fed and fasted trained and untrained men. J. Appl. Physiol. 86:479–487, 1999 Blackmer, DR n.d, Effective Goal-Setting Procedures for Enhanced Sport Performance. Mental toughness training for Peak sport performance Bronson, S. (2010). The Role of Psychological Training in the game of Softball, Sport and exercise science, 2(5). Brooks G.A. MERCIER J. (1994). Balance of carbohydrate and lipid utilization during exercise. The cross over concept. J. Appl. Physiol.76:2253–2261 Butterfield, G. E. (1987). Whole body protein utilization in humans, Med Sci Sports Exercise; 19(5):S157-65 Clark, N. (2008). Proper Nutrition for Athletes: The Missing Link, Sports Nutrition Services,HealthworksFitnessCenter,Chestnut Hill,Massachusetts,USA Clements, A.G. (2004). An Investigation of Mental Approach: Methods used by NCAA Division I baseball coaches for producing peak performance. University of British Columbia. Cox, RH, Shannon, JK, McGuire, RT, McBride, A 2010, Predicting Subjective Athletic Performance from Psychological Skills after Controlling for Sex and Sport. University of Missouri-Columbia Csikszentmihalyi M 1990, Flow: the psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper Perennial. Freisen, A Orlick, T. (2010), Holistic sports psychology. Journal of excellence issue no 14 Grandjean, AC. 1997 Diets of elite athletes: Has the discipline of sports nutrition made a impactJ. Nutr. 127(suppl):874S-877S Harris DV. (1986) Relaxation and energizing techniques for regulation of arousal, Applied sport psychology: personal growth to peak performance. New York: Mayfield Joint Position Statement: nutrition and athletic performance. American College of Sports Medicine, American Dietetic Association, and Dietitians of Canada. Med Sci Sports Exerc, (2000). 32(12): p. 2130-45 Jones, G, Swain, ABJ Cale, A (1995), Gender differences in precompetition temporal patterning and antecedents of anxiety and selfconfidence. Journal of Sport and Exercise psychology, 13, 115. Kreider, BR, Almada,AL, Antonio, J, Broeder C. (1993), Exercise and Sport Nutrition: A balanced perspective for exercise physiologists. Professionalization in Exercise Physiology Online Kuehl, K Dorfman, HA. (2002). The Mental Game of Baseball: A Guide to Peak Performance. South Bend, IN:Diamond Communications, Inc. Meyer, NL Simmons, S.P. (2003). The role of adequate nutrition for performance and health for female cross-country skiers. Federation Internationale De Ski Murphy S. (1996) The achievement zone. New York: GP Putnam’s Sons Neufer P, Costill D, Flynn M, Kirwan J, Mitchell J, Houmard, J. (1987). Improvements in exercise performance: effects of carbohydrate feedings and diet. J Appl Physiol 62:983–8 Smith, RE Christensen, DS. (1995). Psychological skills as predictors of performance and survival in professional baseball. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 399 – 415. Stavrou, NA n.d. Psychological Preparation Programs: Theory, Concepts and Applications. Pan – Hellenic Kayak and Canoe Trainers Association e-magazine Swinburn B, Ravussin (1995)., Energy balance or fat balanceAm. J.Clin. Nutr. 57(suppl):766S-771S,. How to cite Multidisciplinary Approach To Sports, Essay examples

We the Kings - We the Kings free essay sample

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